In recent years, the use of supplemental damping devices to increase the Capacity of structures against progressive failure due to explosion has received less attention. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of using Triangular yielding metal damper called TADAS. in order to increase the Capacity of an irregular three and nine-story steel moment frame buildings against pulse like seismic excitations and progressive Collapse effect. For this purpose, seismic performance level of this structure has been evaluated and rehabilitated by TADAS damper. The seismic performance level of damper-equipped building was evaluated by nonlinear static analysis (pushover) and also nonlinear time history analysis under various pulse-like ground motions. In order to assess the performance of TADAS damper under progressive Collapse phenomenon, 12 critical columns considering side and corner locations proposed by GSA code were selected to remove. Then considering the seismic nonlinear response of these columns under selected ground motions, four critical scenarios were selected for each building. According to irregularity of the structural plan the Capacity of the rehabilitated structure was evaluated using nonlinear time history analysis. To simulate the progressive Collapse phenomenon at first the internal column forces are evaluated before it is removed. These forces are dynamically applied to the structure as a nodal point load in addition to existed dead and live loads in five seconds after removing the column. After completing the amount of loading they kept unchanged for two second and finally the nodal point loads would be removed over a fraction of second and therefor the dynamic sudden column removal was simulated.  The nonlinear response of the irregular TADAS-equipped building was computed through the step by step numerical integration method known as the Newmark’s β-method integration procedure using SAP2000 software. A fiber element model was employed to take into account the non-linear behavior of columns while for beam elements it is used plastic hinge model considering ASCE41 code. The dampers are also modeled using the link element in the software and the nonlinear plastic Wen model is assigned to simulate the nonlinear behavior of this element . The presented results include comparison of roof displacement diagrams, inter story drift and center mass acceleration for the structure with and without dampers in different failure scenarios. The seismic results show the ability of TADAS damper to improve seismic performance of irregular building. This control system could reduce the inter story drift of buildings at least 40% while the center mass acceleration increase 5.0%  While the hysteresis diagram of dampers indicates their ability to suppress the response of this structure. These results indicate the success of the damping system in the simultaneous control of acceleration and displacement and indicate another result of this study. On the other hands the progressive Collapse analysis results show the ability of TADAS damper to improve the Capacity of the structure against four types of progressive failure scenario especially in scenario 2. The results showed that the vertical displacement was reduced at least 15%.

One of the situations that distorts the safety of concrete moment frame structures is the rare seismic events. Bam earthquake in 2003 was one of the rare seismic events that caused damages to many newly built structures. In this paper, the Capacity of structures was evaluated according to the standard record sets of FEMA P695 and maximum considered earthquake (MCE). A comprehensive method should be used to express the seismic behavior of structures for assessing the Collapse Capacity. Incremental dynamic analyses proposed by Vamvatsikos and Cornell in 2002. This method is used for assessing the Collapse Capacity of structures in this study. The proposed methodology is used for Collapse assessing of an individual as well as a group of buildings with due attention to rare seismic events and incremental dynamic analyses method. Illustrative results show that, if structures provide minimum acceptable requirements of FEMA P695, they would have been secured against rare seismic events.Development of nonlinear models for Collapse stimulation is the first step of Collapse assessing methodology. All of the structures have been designed according to ASCE 7-05 code, and for expressing of nonlinear behavior of materials, Mander and Menegotto-Pinto model has been considered. Selection of ground motion record sets for Collapse assessment of building structures is very important. Both far-field and near-field records have been considered in FEMA P695, but in this paper, the far-field records were used. Three analyses have been considered in assessing the Collapse Capacity. Eigenvalue analyses, incremental dynamic analyses and static pushover analyses are required for assessing the Collapse Capacity. Incremental dynamic analyses is one the suitable methods for expressing of seismic behavior of structures. The basic idea of this analysis was described by Bertero in 1997. In 2002, this method was accompanied with big progress by Vamvatsikos and Cornell. Illustrative results show where the incremental dynamic analyses curve slope is equal to 20% of the elastic while the point also belongs to softening branch defined as Collapse point. Additionally, another candidate point is displacement ratio of 10%. Illustrative results show that where the incremental dynamic analyses curve lining to infinity is being defined as Collapse point. The incremental dynamic analyses curves show record to record variability, thus it is essential to summarize such data. The fragility fitting approach has been used widely for defining the median Collapse acceleration. Adjusted Collapse margin ratio is the most important parameter for assessing the Collapse Capacity of structures. According to FEMA P695, the acceptable value of the adjusted Collapse margin ratio for each individual model within a performance group should exceed ACMR (20%).Additionally, the average value of adjusted Collapse margin ratio for each performance group should exceed ACMR (10%).Finally, Collapse Capacity of 5 and 10 story concrete moment frame structures are defined. Both structures have acceptable adjusted Collapse margin ratio and both of them have acceptable safety according to rare seismic events. Structures that could not satisfy the FEMA’s conditions must increase their lateral strength and re-evaluate.

Evaluating the seismic vulnerability and Collapse Capacity of structural systems typically involves conducting Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) and generating fragility curves, both of which are complex and time-consuming. To simplify the extraction of fragility curves at different performance levels, the SPO2FRAG software was developed by previous researchers. However, its accuracy in predicting the Collapse Capacity of systems with varying heights has not been thoroughly validated against detailed analyses using seismic records. This study evaluates the efficiency and accuracy of SPO2FRAG in steel plate shear wall systems (SPSWs) with 4, 8, 12, and 16 stories, all designed in accordance with relevant codes. The numerical models were validated against a well-documented experimental specimen to ensure reliability. Fragility curves at the Collapse performance level were derived using two methods: (1) IDA with 22 pairs of far-field earthquake records, and (2) the SPO2FRAG software he results show that for 4- and 8-story buildings, SPO2FRAG provides conservative estimates of Collapse Capacity compared to the more precise IDA. However, its reliability decreases with building height, leading to significant overestimation in the 16-story structure. While SPO2FRAG is a quick and cost-effective tool for assessing low- to mid-rise SPSWs, more accurate methods like IDA are recommended for taller structures. This study highlights the limitations of SPO2FRAG in evaluating taller SPSWs and underscores the importance of using detailed analysis methods for critical infrastructure. Future research should focus on enhancing the predictive capabilities of simplified tools like SPO2FRAG for high-rise structures.  

The Collapse risk role has increasingly drawn engineers’ attention in the performance-based design field and engineers tend to design the structures in a way to be qualified enough to resist earthquakes, especially at near-fault sites. Due to specific characteristics of near-fault records, structures in near-fault required more Collapse Capacity in comparison with far-fault sites. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine the Collapse Capacity that structures should be designed to comply with standards and to meet the Collapse risk limit in the given site. In this research, the ratio method is presented to determine the design Collapse Capacity of structures based on the risk value of 1% in 50 years as well as the site hazard stemming from the integration scenario for near-fault. In this method, the structure behavior and fundamental period are incorporated, and effect of pulse period is considered as well. This method utilizes the ratio of the Collapse Capacity of the structure in near-fault to that of far-fault named γ. Consequently, efficient procedures based on nonlinear static pushover are used for obtaining the Collapse Capacity in far-fault and near-fault. Then, the ratio method is employed on a mid-rise RC frame and the design Collapse capacities are acquired for two amounts of Tp/T. The result shows ratio method can be used for any Tp/T values especially those corresponding to the governing Tp at site. Moreover, the least value of γ can be used conservatively since the design Collapse Capacity of the structure in near-fault is raised by reducing γ.

This paper employs neural network models to assess the seismic confidence levels at various performance levels, as well as the seismic Collapse Capacity of steel moment-resisting frame structures. Two types of shallow neural network models including back-propagation (BP) and radial basis (RB) models are utilized to evaluate the seismic responses. Both neural network models consist of a single hidden layer with a different number of neurons. The prediction accuracy of the trained neural network models is compared using two illustrative examples of 6- and 12-story steel moment-resisting frames. The obtained numerical results indicate that the BP model outperforms the RB model in predicting seismic responses.

The seismic Collapse Capacity of a structure is a critical factor in earthquake risk assessment within engineeringpractices. Conventionally, evaluating this Capacity involves intricate and time-consuming incremental dynamicanalyses. However, recent progress has brought forth alternative, streamlined methodologies grounded in the use ofstructural behavior curves. This study employs the application of these innovative approaches to comprehensivelyassess the seismic Collapse Capacity of structures. Embracing advancements, it strives to enhance the efficiency andprecision of seismic risk assessments in engineering practices.In addition to the efficiency of assessment methodologies, it is imperative that the calculation of seismic CollapseCapacity aligns with the specific demands of the construction site. This ensures that the seismic risk falls within theestablished allowable limits. This consideration becomes particularly critical for construction sites located in closeproximity to fault zones. In such areas, the presence of directivity pulses heightened attention to seismic CollapseCapacity. Recognizing that structural ductility and the pulse period ratio in the near-fault are primary factorsinfluencing seismic Collapse Capacity, which is demanded in site, this study delves into a detailed numericalinvestigation of these critical elements. Subsequently, the seismic Collapse Capacity demanded in the near-fault ismeticulously estimated based on these considerations.The extensive investigations undertaken in this study yield insightful revelations. It is evident that heightenedstructural ductility correlates with an augmentation of seismic Collapse Capacity, both in the near-fault and far-faultscenarios. Conversely, a reduction in seismic Collapse Capacity in the near-fault is discerned as the pulse period ratioincreases concerning the fundamental period of the structure. To conduct a comprehensive evaluation, the ratio ofseismic Collapse Capacity in the near-fault to that in the far-fault is calculated, taking into account both ductility andpulse period ratio. This derived parameter, denoted as γ, is then employed to estimate the seismic Collapse Capacitydemanded in the near-fault. This analysis contributes valuable insights to the understanding of seismic behavior inboth near-fault and far-fault regions.For the assessment of seismic Collapse Capacity demand at construction sites, the study recommends theutilization of a lower bound of the ratio of near-fault to far-fault seismic Collapse Capacity. This lower bound,associated with lower ductility and a higher pulse period ratio, is not just conservative but also robust. Importantly,this cautious approach ensures that an increase in this parameter does not significantly escalate the demand at theconstruction site. Such a calculated and conservative estimation of seismic Collapse Capacity demanded contributesto a more resilient seismic risk assessment for structures situated in near-fault zones.In conclusion, the results indicate that for the assessment of seismic Collapse Capacity that is demanded atconstruction sites in near-fault zones, utilizing a lower bound of the ratio of near-fault to far-fault seismic CollapseCapacity, associated with lower ductility and higher pulse period ratio, is sufficiently conservative. Moreover, anincrease in this parameter does not significantly escalate the demand at the construction site.This approach ensures a cautious estimation of seismic Collapse Capacity demand, contributing to a more robustseismic risk assessment for structures in near-fault zones.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the Capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Progressive Collapse is a condition where local failure of a primary structural component leads to the Collapse of neighboring members and the whole structure, consequently. In this paper, the progressive Collapse potential of seismically designed steel dual systems with buckling restrained braces is investigated using the alternate path method, and their performances are compared with those of the conventional intermediate moment resisting frames. Static nonlinear Push-down and dynamic analyses under gravity loads specified in GSA guideline are conducted to capture the progressive Collapse response of the structures due to column and adjacent BRBs removal, and their ability of absorbing the destructive effects of member loss is investigated. It was observed that, compared with the intermediate moment resisting frames, generally the dual systems with buckling restrained braces provided appropriate alternative path for redistributing the generated loads caused by member loss and the results varied more significantly depending on the variables such as location of column loss, or number of stories. Moreover, in the most column removal scenarios, steel dual systems are more capable to resist the progressive Collapse loads and maintain the structural overall integrity.